Amygdala Amara

Bitter almond. Rosaceoe.

According to Wohler and Liebig, the hydrocyanic acid formerly supposed to be contained in the almond, is the result of the reaction of water on amygdalin, the characteristic constituent of bitter almonds.

The bitter almond is used for flavoring, and peach kernels and cherry seeds, which have similar properties, are often substituted.

The observations of Jorg, made in 1822, hardly deserving to be called a proving, were published in 1825. Eegarding his trustworthiness, see Brit- ish Quart., XVI, 693. These were added to a collection of symptoms from the Laurocerasus, the Aqua laurocerasi, and Hydrocyanic acid, and printed in Hartlanb's Mat. Med., in 1828.

In 1844 they were printed separately in Noak and Trink's Handbuch, with the addition of some toxic symptoms. Allen's Encyclopedia contains all, and a carefully made, almost complete, collection of poisonings. We ouly miss Gazin, Traite Pratique, 1853. The experiments of Douglas Maclacan are with a different preparation.

^ Mind. I I Loss of consciousness. Stupor.

I 1 Delirium, he mutters to himself and converses with persons not present ; speaks incoherently. .

233 ' AMYGDALA AMARA.

Delirium with face lit up with an expression of excessive joy, ey^es shine brilliantly, with quiet intermittent pulse.

Delirium with slight convulsions.

She commences to cry ; t.

She suddenly raves and looks wildly around her, with fully di- lated pupils and indistinct vision. ^ Sensorium. Dullness of left half of head.

Insensibility.

Drunkenness.

Excitement as after drinking champagne, succeeded by sudden insensibility.

I I Syncope, face deathly pale, nauseated; pulse imperceptible; on reviving vomits some undigested food and bile.

Vertigo with nausea and dimness of sight.

Faintness and pallid look.

Stupor. ^ Inner Head. Heaviness in forehead.

Pressure over eyes.

Sense of weight and oppression on top of head.

Congestion or turgescence of vessels of brain ; t.

General eifusion on both hemispheres ; t.

Dura mater gorged.

* Outer Head. iHead drawn backwards.

* Sight and Eyes. Dimness of sight with vertigo.

Sight confused.

Pupils very much contracted, size of a pinhead.

I I Pupils dilated and fixed.

Eyes rolling from side to side ; half open, with dilated pupils.

Eyeballs directed upward, especially left.

Pupils dilated to their fullest extent, she cannot see distinctly.

Iris immovable.

Eyes almost protruding from their sockets.

I I Excessive brilliancy of the eyes, even after death.

The eye had a I I brilliant and glassy appearance throughout ; mere physical brilliancy, I I without mental expression.

Lid does not move when eye is touched.

Eyelids closed, both eyes drawn to left side.

Eyes half shut and glassy.

Upper lids convulsed for hours. ® Face. Face wears a natural expression, even with serious symp- toms.

I I Face placid and deathly pale.

iMouth tightly closed.

I I Face very livid, lips separated, teeth clenched, eyes fixed and open, pupils dilated, features distorted, eyes turned up- wards, starting from their sockets.

Face lights up with an expression of excessive joy. See 1. ^ Lower Part of Face. Jaws firmly clenched in rigid spasm.

AMYGDALA AMARA. 234

Lips pale and bluish.

Lips separated, teeth clenched, much froth about the mouth. ^^ Taste, Speech, Bitter taste in roof of mouth, palate and fauces.

Cannot speak a loud word. ^^ Palate and Throat. Bitter taste in fauces. Swallowing impeded, or I I impossible. Rattling in throat.

Excessive burning heat in laryngo-pharyngeal region. ^® Hiccough, Nausea and Vomiting. Hiccough. Nausea with pallor.

I I Vomiting of undigested food and bile. ^^ Scrobiculum and Stomach. A disagreeable sensation seems to come from the epigastric region. Pain and heat in epigastrium without tenderness. Gastric mucous membrane red, I I congested, especially at car- diac end ; t. Gastric mucous membrane pale, with some red petechial patches

along greater curvature ; t. Mucous coat of stomach softened ; t. ^^ Abdomen. Colicky pains, abdomen distended like a balloon ; convulsive movements of the jaws, loss of consciousness, froth- ing at the mouth. ^^ Stool. Involuntary stools and micturition. ^^ Urinary Organs. Scanty and painful urination.

Involuntary micturition and stools. See 37. ^^ Male Sexual Organs. • Gonorrhoea.

Gangrene of the penis ; scrotum bluish and greenish-yellow. ^^ Voice and Larynx. Cannot speak a loud word.

Scratching in larynx, followed by copious phlegm all evening

and next day. Hoarseness. Talking distresses her. ^® Respiration. Difficult breathing.

Snoring breathing getting slower and slower.

Panting. See 28.

Chest heaved spasmodically ; its movements were hurried.

Respiration slow and gentle.

Regular respiration had ceased ; chest expanded at intervals by

convulsive action. Rolling and panting for breath. Hurried and convulsive heaving of the chest. Chest expands convulsively at short intervals. Respiration 12, regular, slow and prolonged, with rattling in

Σπασμωδική και σε διαστήματα πολύ σύντομη αναπνοή, με φόβο ασφυξίας.

Βήχας. Βήχας με πόνο στο στήθος που εκτείνεται μέχρι το στομάχι.

235 AMYGDALA AMARA.

Εσωτερικό θώρακας και πνεύμονες. Μεγάλος πόνος στο στήθος που εκτείνεται μέχρι το στομάχι.

Σουβλιές κάτω από την αριστερή θηλή, που εισχωρούν βαθιά, δυσκολεύοντας περισσότερο την εκπνοή.

Πνεύμονες congested.

Καρδιά, σφυγμός και κυκλοφορία. Αργός, πλήρης, σκληρός σφυγμός.

Σφυγμός σχεδόν ανεπαίσθητος.

Απουσία σφυγμού της κερκιδικής αρτηρίας και στις δύο πλευρές.

Η καρδιά χτυπά αδύναμα.

Οι καρωτίδες χτυπούν πλήρεις και γρήγορες. Βλ. 31.

Ασθενικότατη αίσθημα παλμού της καρδιάς, μόλις αισθητή, απουσία σφυγμού της κερκιδικής αρτηρίας.

Σφυγμός: αργός και δονούμενος· ισχυρός ή συχνός και τεταμένος· ταχύς και ασθενής· γρήγορος και διακεκομμένος· 30, πολύ ασθενής στις καρωτίδες και τις κερκιδικές αρτηρίες· 100, 130, 140, πολύ μικρός, νηματοειδής.

Η δεξιά πλευρά της καρδιάς γεμάτη με σκοτεινό υγρό αίμα.

Αυχένας. Σημαντικό οίδημα και κυματοειδής κίνηση των σφαγίτιδων φλεβών.

Οι καρωτίδες χτυπούν ελεύθερα και γρήγορα.

Άνω άκρα. Τρέμουλο των χεριών.

Κάτω άκρα. Γόνατα λυγισμένα πάνω στην κοιλιά.

Μυρμήγκιασμα, ασταθές βάδισμα.

Άκρα γενικά. Άκρα εντελώς χαλαρά, πέφτουν άψυχα όταν σηκώνονται.

Άκρα κρύα, βαριά.

Τα άκρα σχεδόν χωρίς αίμα.

Σπασμοί των άκρων.

Αδυναμία των άκρων.

Άκρα χαλαρά, πόδια άψυχα όταν σηκώνονται.

Άκρα μουδιασμένα, βραχίονες και χέρια κρύα και κυανωμένα· με υπνηλία.

Άκρα εύκαμπτα και ανίσχυρα.

Νεύρα. Μυϊκή δύναμη ελαττωμένη ή εντελώς χαμένη, φοβάται να πέσει.

Τόσο αδύναμος ώστε πέφτει, έχασε τον έλεγχο των μυών.

Σπασμοί των άκρων.

Σπασμοί· κεφάλι τραβηγμένο πίσω· τρισμός, γόνατα σηκωμένα· ολιγοουρία· οπισθότονος.

Ισχυροί σπασμωδικοί μυϊκοί σπασμοί.

Σχεδόν πλήρης απώλεια κινητικής ικανότητας· δεν μπορεί να σταθεί, άκρα σαν άψυχα· ή ασταθές βάδισμα.

Σπασμοί: μάτια ανοιχτά, με ατενές βλέμμα, σταθεροί κόρες, ή με τρέμουλο των χεριών.

Βίαιοι τετανικοί σπασμοί με πλήρη οπισθότονο.

Κεφάλι και αυχένας τραβηγμένα πίσω, αγκώνες τραβηγμένοι πίσω από την πλάτη και σταθερά καρφωμένοι εκεί.

Οπισθότονος.

Ύπνος. Βαθύς ροχαλητός ύπνος.

Χασμουρητό.

AMYGDALA AMARA. 236 n Νυσταγμός και μη αντιστείμενη τάση για ύπνο.

Κώμα με στερεοφωνική αναπνοή και ακούσια ούρηση και κόπρανα.

Πυρετός. Σώμα κρύο· επιφάνεια κρύα, γλοιώδης.

*^ Locality. Left : dullness in head ; eyes drawn to side ; stitches

under nipple. ^^ Sensations. A disagreeable sensation proceeding from scrobic-

on both hemispheres ; dura mater gorged. ^^ Skin. Pallid skin.

Similar to its relatives, especially the Prunece and Pomece of

the Rosaoece, and to Manihot utiL, Chardinia xeranthe-

moides, Ximenia Americana^ Ipomoea dissecta and the Aga-

ricus Oreades, all of which emit Hydr. ac. Also similar to :

Opium (spasms, stertor, slow pulse, stupor, etc.) ; Hyosc.

(weeping, spasms, spasmodic twitching, etc.); Stramon.,

strong coffee, and in bad cases cold water may be poured over

the head.

237 AMYLENUM NITROSUM.